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According to the Islamic calendar
There are 12 months of the Islamic Calendar.
- Muharrum
- Safar
- Rabiul Awwal(This is the birth month of the Prophet SAW)
- Rabiul Thani
- Jamaadi-ul-Awwal
- Jamaadi-ul-Thani
- Rajab
- Shabaan
- Ramadan
- Shawwal(Eid_ul_fitr)
- Zil Qadah
- Zil Hajj(Eid_ul_Adha)
Importance of Muharram.
As here we know that Muharrum is the first month of The Islamic Calendar.From this month we can take Maximum benefits. This the month where Allah has given maximum opportunity to erase our sins.
Allah SWT says "Indeed, the number of months with Allah is twelve [lunar] months in the register of Allah [from] the day He created the heavens and the earth; of these, four are sacred. That is the correct religion, so do not wrong yourselves during them. And fight against the disbelievers collectively as they fight against you collectively. And know that Allah is with the righteous [who fear Him]."
(Surah At-Taubah 9:36).
When Allah created the heaven and the earth he set the number of the month in the year as 12. And from this month Allah has chosen 4 months that are sacred it has its own specialty. According to Hadith, the 4 months are...
Narrated Abu Bakra:
The Prophet (ﷺ) said. "(The division of time has turned to its original form which was current when Allah created the Heavens and the Earths. The year is of twelve months, out of which four months are sacred: Three are in succession Dhul-Qa 'da, Dhul -Hijja and Muharram, and (the fourth is) Rajab of (the tribe of) Mudar which comes between Jumadi-ath-Thaniyah and Sha ban. "
Reference: Sahih al-Bukhari 3197, Book 59, Hadith 8
So here we know that Muharram is a sacred month. This month we can earn additional rewards for the same thing we do in another month at other times. Muhammad(SAW) was the only person who confirmed these 4 months. Now here we know 1/3 year would be the sacred month. Muhammad(SAW) also says that it is the best month after the Ramadan.
In this month the act of goodness is multiplied, Conversely, the act of sin also multiplied.
"so wrong not yourselves therein" (Surah Tauba: 36)
means: (do not wrong yourselves) in these sacred months, because doing so is a greater sin than at other times.
That is why fighting is not permitted in this month. It reduces the harm, temper that we apply on one another can be controlled by this month.
Qataadah said: Wrongdoing during the sacred month is more serious and incurs a greater burden of sin than in other months. Wrongdoing is a serious matter in any circumstances, but Allah makes whatever He wills of His commands carry more weight.
This month we should avoid sin as much as it is possible. We should do righteousness such a Charity, Salah, Tahajjud, Fasting...
Fasting in the month of Muharram.
Prophet(SAW) said: The best fast after Ramadan is in the month of Al_Muharram."(Sahih Muslim 1163)
This month Allah has chosen a special day and that day is known as Ashura i.e., the 10th day of Muhurrah.
It is narrated in the Hadith that,
Narrated by Abu Qatadah:
that the Messenger of Allah (saw) said: "Fasting the day of Ashura, I hope, will expiate for the sins of the previous year." Daif
Reference: Sunan Ibn Majah. Chapter 9, The Book of Fasting, Hadith No: 1738
The prophet(SAW) used to be very keen to make sure he fasted on the day of 'Ashura' because of its great status.
Narrated by Ibn 'Abbas:
I never saw the Prophet(SAW) so keen to make sure he fasted any day and preferring it over another except this day, the day of 'Ashura', and this month -meaning Ramadan.
Reference: Sahih Bukhari, Hadith no. 1867
The reason why prophet(SAW) fasted on the day of "Ashura" and urged the people to do likewise, is mentioned in the following Hadith.
Narrated by Ibn Abbas:
The Prophet came to Medina and saw the Jews fasting on the day of Ashura. He asked them about that. They replied, "This is a good day, the day on which Allah rescued Bani Israel from their enemy. So, Moses (Musa) fasted this day." The Prophet said, "We have more claim over Moses than you." So, the Prophet fasted on that day and ordered (the Muslims) to fast (on that day).....
Reference: Sahih Bukhari. Chapter 31, Fasting, Hadith No: 222
So, Here Muhammad(SAW) encourages us to fast on the 9th and 10th or the 10th and the 11th.
The Prophet(SAW) never fasted any month in full apart from Ramadan.
Some Hadiths on Muharram
Narrated by Aisha:
The people used to fast on Ashura (the tenth day of the month of Muharram) before the fasting of Ramadan was made obligatory. And on that day the Ka'ba used to be covered with a cover. When Allah made the fasting of the month of Ramadan compulsory, Allah's Apostle said, "Whoever wishes to fast (on the day of Ashura) may do so; and whoever wishes to leave it can do so."
Reference: Sahih Bukhari. Chapter 26, Pilgrimage (Hajj), Hadith No: 662
Narrated by Ibn Umar:
The Prophet observed the fast on the 10th of Muharram (Ashura), and ordered (Muslims) to fast on that day, but when the fasting of the month of Ramadan was prescribed, the fasting of the 'Ashura' was abandoned. Abdullah did not use to fast on that day unless it coincided with his routine fasting by chance.
Reference: Sahih Bukhari. Chapter 31, Fasting, Hadith No: 116
Narrated by Aisha:
(The tribe of) Quraish used to fast on the day of Ashura in the Pre-lslamic period, and then Allah's Apostle ordered (Muslims) to fast on it till the fasting in the month of Ramadan was prescribed; whereupon the Prophet said, "He who wants to fast (on Ashura) may fast, and he who does not want to fast may not fast."
Reference: Sahih Bukhari. Chapter 31, Fasting, Hadith No: 117
Narrated by Salama bin Al-Akwa:
Once the Prophet ordered a person on Ashura (the tenth of Muharram) to announce, "Whoever has eaten, should not eat anymore, but fast, and who has not eaten should not eat, but complete his fast (till the end of the day).
Reference: Sahih Bukhari. Chapter 31, Fasting, Hadith No: 147
Narrated by Rubay bint Muawwidh ibn Afra:
"The Prophet sent a messenger to the village of the Ansar in the morning of the day of 'Ashura' (10th of Muharram) to announce: 'Whoever has eaten something should not eat but complete the fast, and whoever is observing the fast should complete it.' "She further said, "Since then we used to fast on that day regularly and also make our boys fast. We used to make toys of wool for the boys and if anyone of them cried for, he was given those toys till it was the time of the breaking of the fast."
Reference: Sahih Bukhari. Chapter 31, Fasting, Hadith No: 181
Narrated by of Aisha:
Allah's Apostle ordered (the Muslims) to fast on the day of Ashura, and when fasting in the month of Ramadan was prescribed, it became optional for one to fast on that day (Ashura) or not.
Reference: Sahih Bukhari. Chapter 31, Fasting, Hadith No: 219
Narrated by Abu Hurairah:
"A man came to the Prophet (saw) and said: 'Which fasting is better after the month of Ramadan?' He said: 'The month of Allah which is called Muharram.'" Daif
Reference: Sunan Ibn Majah. Chapter 9, The Book of Fasting, Hadith No: 1742
Yahya related to me from Malik from Ibn Shihab that Humayd ibn Abd ar-Rahman ibn Awf heard Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan say from the mimbar on the day of Ashura in the year in which he made the hajj, "People of Madina, where are your learned men? I heard the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, say about this day, 'This is the day of Ashura, and fasting it has not been prescribed for you. I am fasting it, and whoever of you wants to fast it can do so, and whoever does not want to, does not have to.' "
Reference: Imam Malik's Muwatta. Chapter 18, Fasting, Hadith No: 34
Narrated by Abu Qatadah:
that the Messenger of Allah (saw) said: "Fasting the day of Ashura, I hope, will expiate for the sins of the previous year." Daif
Reference: Sunan Ibn Majah. Chapter 9, The Book of Fasting, Hadith No: 1738
Narrated by Humaid bin Abdur Rahman:
That he heard Muawiya bin Abi Sufyan on the day of 'Ashura' during the year he performed the Hajj, saying on the pulpit, "O the people of Medina! Where are your Religious Scholars? I heard Allah's Apostle saying, 'This is the day of 'Ashura'. Allah has not enjoined its fasting on you but I am fasting it. You have the choice either to fast or not to fast (on this day).' "
Reference: Sahih Bukhari. Chapter 31, Fasting, Hadith No: 221
Narrated by of Ibn Abbas:
that the Messenger of Allah (saw) said: "If I live until next year, I will fast the ninth day (of Muharram) too." Sahih
Reference: Sunan Ibn Majah. Chapter 9, The Book of Fasting, Hadith No: 1736
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